Thursday, 5 May 2022

Start work as a Freelancer (part 1)

Write for Blogs

With so many blogs needing content, website owners are crying out for writers to produce interesting blog posts on a regular basis. Writing blog posts varies greatly in pay, from $5 to $250 for 1000 words. If you are serious about becoming a freelance writer, pick a niche and become an expert on this subject.

Some subjects are much better paid than others, so although you may love the idea of writing about travel (badly paid) a better bet would be a niche like finance (much higher rates of pay). Check out the pro blogger job board for high-paid freelance writing jobs – other places to look might be Textbroker or you can look at the “gigs” section on Craigslist.

Copywriting

Writing copy for websites is another great freelancing option for those who have a way with words. Copywriting can involve writing the text for websites, press releases, promotional offline materials including leaflets and brochures, and any other professional text for businesses. While writing blog posts is well paid it won’t make you as much money as writing copy for sales pages. However, clients can be fussier, as they want the highest quality writing for the forefront of their website or advertising campaigns. Many freelance writers offer both copywriting and blog writing among their services. This can be a good way to juggle regular but lower paid clients (blogging) with the higher paid but ad-hoc project-based copy work.

Virtual Assistant

I have 3 VAs. I couldn’t function without them. It doesn’t matter how big or how small a business is, they all need help running their day-to-day administrative tasks. Virtual assistants perform a variety of tasks that a traditional assistant or secretary would normally do, including making travel arrangements, paying bills, or managing expense reimbursements. I use them to upload content, optimize images, brief writers, etc.

Virtual assistants typically work from home or wherever there’s an available Wi-Fi connection. online jobs like VAs are becoming hugely popular, due to its flexible working hours. They regularly interact with clients by phone, email, or Skype on behalf of their boss.

How much can a virtual assistant actually make? It usually depends on their level of expertise and overall experience.

Write Industry Papers

If you have a background in a specific field, you may find there is a demand for writing industry papers in your area of expertise. For example, there are often adverts for doctors, lawyers, nutritionists, and business experts from particular niches, to write white papers on different subject areas. These are well-paid jobs that you will need to stake your reputation on, but that can often be worked on from the comfort of your own home.

Editing

If you are a fast reader and have a good grasp of grammar and language then editing may be a good freelance role for you. Editing is a great way to quickly make money online, and there are always editing jobs available on freelance job sites. And the best part? Editor’s usually get paid per word, so the faster you can check through work the more money you will make per hour.

Website Design

If you have an eye for design and some experience in creating websites, then you could offer your services as a freelance web designer. You will need to create your own stylish website and have a few other projects that you can show potential clients to demonstrate your skills. You will also need to initially spend time emailing businesses to promote your services and find work.

Web design consists of mainly project-based jobs. However, you can offer ongoing maintenance for a monthly fee, which can be a good way to guarantee regular pay. Web design fees also differ greatly. So you will need to make the decision whether to target small businesses or compete for large clients with bigger budgets.

Tools & Resources: I’ve written a pretty comprehensive guide on the best web design software that covers both free and premium software packages. If you’re serious about becoming a web designer, then I recommend purchasing the full Adobe Creative Cloud Suite. At $49.99 per month, this is probably a bargain considering what you can achieve with this set of tools.

Landing Page Design

A spin-off for web designers is to offer a landing page creation service. Well-optimized landing pages can be the difference between a successful and a failing business. And, as creating the perfect landing page isn’t easy, this is a service many businesses are prepared to pay for. I know people who are earning 6 figures per year and all they do is create landing pages for businesses. There’s serious money to be made.

With online software such as (ClickFunnels ), (Optinmonster), or (Sumome), landing page creation is extremely easy to do, which makes this method of making money online a real possibility.

Tools & Resources

ClickFunnels is offering new customers a 14 days trial to use their extremely easy-to-use landing page/sales funnel design platform.

Sign up for a 7-day free trial with optinmonster to get a taste of how easy it is to create high converting landing pages that you can potentially sell to your new clients.

Graphic Design

There are many freelance options for graphic designers who are looking to make money online. Designing layouts and graphics for promotional material, corporate reports, magazines, or book covers, are all tasks that businesses are looking for online freelancers to complete. Due to its flexible nature, graphic design possibilities can range from one-off projects to ongoing work with regular clients.

Tools & Resources: Envato Elements has thousands of graphic elements and templates that you can use for graphic design client work, and can save you so much time and effort.  Rather than creating your own graphics from scratch, you can use pre-designed elements and customize them to make them unique to you.


Create Logos

Logos are a crucial part of any business, and a talented graphic designer that can produce eye-catching logos will be in great demand. Although there are many graphic design jobs advertised on freelance websites, pitching your services to businesses will enable you to command a better price for your work.

Tools & Resources:

Did you know that there are logo-generating services that you can use for free? I’ve written about them all over on my Best Free Logo Generators guide.

Produce Infographics

Infographics are currently an extremely popular type of media. An infographic showing information or data in an interesting and fun way can help engage an audience and generate numerous likes and shares. As infographics take more time to create than just simply uploading an image, busy website owners are prepared to pay for custom infographics. And don’t worry, an infographic can be created using simple design software such as Canva. So extensive graphic design skills are not necessary, just a creative eye.

Computer Programming

If you have previous experience as a computer programmer or have skills in this field, then there is plenty of work you can pick up as a freelancer. If lack of confidence is holding you back, then Free Code Camp is an excellent way to get your foot in the coding door. This organization provides free courses where you will build real-life apps and programs, giving you experience and plenty to add to your CV.

Tools & Resources: For the best coding tutorials and online courses check out Treehouse.  You can sign up for a free 7-day trial to see if it’s for you. I’ve completed many tutorials on Treehouse over the years, and I can 100% recommend their courses.

App Development

With apps being constantly developed, competent app developers are in high demand. Again, if you have the experience or skills to create successful apps then this could be something you could end up working on as a full-time freelancer. Check out adverts for developers on Toptal, a higher-paying jobs site for experienced freelancers wanting to make money online.

Online PA

If you have experience as a personal assistant, secretary, admin assistant, or something in a similar field, then becoming an online PA may be a great role for you. Many professionals want someone to help organize their business and personal affairs. Jobs could include sending emails, managing financial affairs, booking flights, and arranging day-to-day activities. If you are interested in this line of work there are many PA agencies that are crying out for reliable assistants.

Social Marketing Manager

Another strategy to make money online is to become a social marketing manager. Being present on social media is key for any business that wants to attract new customers, promote its products and grow its following. However, constantly posting, liking, and commenting on numerous social media channels is extremely time-consuming. More and more businesses are recruiting social media managers to run and organize all their social media. And to save money, social media employees are often employed as online freelancers.

A social marketing manager could be asked to complete any tasks that are social media-related. This could include scheduling all social media posts, running competitions, creating ad campaigns, and much more, which can easily be done with Social media management tools such as Sendible, Hootsuite, or even these Instagram schedulers.

Social media isn’t rocket science, so if you have an interest in this area of work, start small and work your way up. Once you have the experience in running social media projects, you can start to advertise yourself as an expert in the ‘social media field. Small business owners don’t have the time nor the expertise to grow their own social media following, so this is an area where you can capitalize.

Resources: Dotcom Secrets ebook A great free resource that I’ve used to understand how to build traffic to my websites is, which is 100% FREE to download.


Online SEO

Offering specific online SEO services is also another online freelancer role that businesses are crying out for. If you know how to improve a website’s SEO by doing keyword research, creating content that can rank in Search Engines, adding metadata/schema to posts and pages, and building backlinks to a domain, to name a few tasks, then this could be a great line of work for you.

Fiverr

Using Fiverr is a great way to pick up work. Once you have signed up you can advertise your services. Fiver allows you to create your own gigs, whether you are offering web design, digital marketing, writing, or something else. You can choose how much you want to charge (it can be more than a fiver) and people will then contact you if they are interested in working with you. Fiverr will not only help you get experience if you are just starting off as a freelancer, but it will also help you earn some extra cash.

Create Your Own Agency

Once you have made a name for yourself as a successful freelancer in your field, quite quickly you will find that you are inundated with too much work to manage. So why not consider taking on other virtual employees and turning your one-person show into an agency.

 Creating your own blog can be a very effective way of topping up your monthly income. Or, for those lucky few who have blogs that really take off, it can become your main paycheck. But what are the key ways to make money from a blog? 

Google AdSense

Signing up with  Google AdSense will enable you to make money from advertising on your blog. Google AdSense will place relevant ads around your site, and if your site visitors click on these ads, you will earn a fee. Although each click only amounts to a small change, if your blog has high levels of traffic and lots of page views this will quickly amount to a reasonable sum.

Banner Adverts

Creating space for banner ads on your website is another way to generate revenue from adverts. However, for this type of advertising, you will need to contact businesses directly and ask them if they would like to advertise on your website. The upside is that you can charge a set amount, or even a recurring monthly fee, to businesses to promote their services on your site. Using a WordPress plugin like AdSanity is an effective way to manage this type of advertising.

Paid Guest Posts

If you have a well-known and popular website then you can charge other bloggers to guest post on your blog. Paid articles will not only make you money, they will also save you time creating your own blog posts, and provide interesting and varied content for your audience

Sponsored Posts

Sponsored posts work much in the same way as paid guest posts, but they are posted by big businesses instead of individual bloggers. Therefore, the scope for fees is much higher, as businesses have larger marketing budgets than humble bloggers. Having sponsored posts by large companies will also help promote your site as reputable and as a leader in its field.

Paid Reviews

Again, if your blog has a large reader base, then businesses may be interested in paying you to review their services or products. Not only will you get a free trial using whatever these businesses are selling, but you will also get a fee for writing them a review and posting it to your site. Paid reviews (and other paid and sponsored content) can be big money, so advertise this service on your contact page to generate business.

Other Paid Content

Some businesses may be interested in adding other types of paid content to their website. This could include videos, podcasts, or any other material that would work with your site and help a business market itself. Always make sure that paid content isn’t too promotional. It needs to add value to your audience first and foremost, and not just present as an advert.

Other Paid Content

Some businesses may be interested in adding other types of paid content to their website. This could include videos, podcasts, or any other material that would work with your site and help a business market itself. Always make sure that paid content isn’t too promotional. It needs to add value to your audience first and foremost, and not just present as an advert.

Affiliate Marketing with Amazon

One of the most successful ways of monetizing your blog is through Affiliate Marketing with Amazon. This involves adding links from your site to products on Amazon and then promoting those products in your blog’s content. If one of your visitors clicks through to Amazon and makes a purchase then you will receive a percentage of the sale.

To get started with Amazon affiliate marketing you will need to sign up with Amazon Affiliates. Then subtly market products on your site that are relevant to your niche and will be of interest to your audience. Make sure you only endorse high-quality products. If your visitors make a purchase on your recommendation but are not impressed with the item, you could quickly lose followers.

Tools & Resources:
The best affiliate marketing course bar none –Making Sense Of Affiliate Marketing.

Affiliate Marketing Using Other Providers

Although affiliate marketing is extremely easy to set up with Amazon, plenty of other businesses and websites also offer this service. Find products or services specific to your site’s niche and then check out their contact page, or contact them directly, to see if they offer affiliate marketing programs.

Although having to contact each business directly can be time-consuming, often independent vendors can have much better affiliate fees than Amazon and generate a larger profit. There is also an extremely useful WordPress plugin, Thirsty Affiliates, that will also help you manage and organize your affiliate links.

Run Webinars

Running and charging for webinars can be a great way to build a following in your niche, demonstrate that you are an expert in your field, and make a profit. Hosting a webinar can be hard work. They need to first be promoted, provide original and valuable information, and include interactive elements so your audience can ask questions and engage with your topic. However, once you have built up a large blog following, each webinar can be extremely profitable.

Webinars On Air is a powerful webinar tool that will enable you to create professional webinars for your viewers. Harnessing the power of Google Hangouts, this all-in-one solution will take care of all the technical aspects of hosting a webinar, including payments. Also have a look at our guide to the best webinar software, both free and paid options.

Offer Paid Courses

Creating and selling courses on your blog can be a successful way to make money online. The course itself should be relevant to your blog, and based on a topic that will benefit your audience. Although it may take time to create the course in the first instance, once completed, you can then repeatedly make money from the course each time you sell it.

  • LearnDash is a WordPress plugin that will enable you to create professional and interesting online courses. Break courses into separate scheduled lessons, design quizzes, and even award certificates.
  • Teachable is another easy way to offer online courses without having to own a website. You can also recruit affiliates to help you promote your courses.

Charge to View Content

If your blog holds useful or sought-after information, you should consider charging visitors to view this specific content. WPMU DEV has a Pay Per View plugin that gives you the ability to charge visitors a one-off fee or subscription to access particular pages, posts, or media.

Turn Your Blog into a Membership Site

Once your blog starts receiving high volumes of traffic then it may be feasible to turn it into a full-blown membership site. A membership site usually keeps all content hidden from the general public, insisting that people sign up to access the website’s posts and pages.

 MemberPress is a feature-rich plugin that will enable you to turn your WordPress blog into a fully functional membership site. Depending on how you want to run your membership site, you could have a mixture of free and premium membership plans. Premium plans could include no adverts, free downloads, access to extra content, membership forums, and much more. You can use payment services like PayPal or Stripe which can easily plugin to your website. However, it is important to remember that if people are going to pay to view your content then it must be high quality. Otherwise, your members won’t renew their subscriptions when the time comes.

Write and Sell an eBook

Writing an eBook and selling it on your blog can be a great money maker. Your eBook should be directly relevant to your blog’s content so you can sell your book to your existing audience. Creating a recipe eBook for a food blog or an eBook full of training plans to complement your fitness site are just a couple of examples that have the potential to sell.

There’s a great tool called Sqribble.com that generates ebooks for you, without the need for you to do any writing whatsoever!!!

The promotion of a product like an eBook on your website is as important as the content of the eBook itself. Use a conversion/sales tool like click funnels to advertise your eBook on-site through pop-ups or on a hello bar, and create specific optimized landing pages to help increase sales.

Host Podcasts

 Creating podcasts can be an effective way to grow your following and reach a new audience, especially if you post them on iTunes. However, with iTunes offering hundreds of thousands of podcasts for free, charging your audience to listen to them isn’t really feasible. So how can you make money through podcasting?

Getting businesses to advertise on your podcast, either at the beginning or end or both is a great way to create revenue through podcasts. Most businesses won’t be keen to advertise on your podcast until you can prove a large number of listeners. Therefore, it is unlikely you will be able to start out from the get-go with sponsors. But once you accumulate regular listeners or a high number of downloads from iTunes, you can start to sell advertising space on your podcasts.

Create a Video Series to Sell

Creating a video series and selling it as a digital download on your blog, much like an eBook, can be another great seller. A video course, teaching viewers a specific skill or how to achieve a particular activity, may well resonate with your audience. If you are going to go down this route then your videos need to be as professional as possible so you should consider investing in some video and lighting equipment, as well as editing software.

Sell Advertising on Your Videos

You may decide to create free videos as extra content for your blog, and not sell them at all. If this is the case then you can still make money from these videos by selling advertising space on them (in the same way as discussed for monetizing podcasts). Once you have high volumes of traffic visiting your blog, and watching your videos, you can charge businesses to advertise at the beginning of your videos. Use website’s like Izea to help you connect with companies willing to pay to advertise on your blog.

Display a Services Page

If you offer freelance services or have a physical services business, then creating a blog is a must. On your blog, you can write about the services you offer and how they will benefit your clients. Importantly you can add a ‘Services’ page, outlining the services you provide, what they include, and any other important information potential clients may need. This is an effective way to promote your services, generate leads, and increase your revenue.

If you are keen to start your own blog or website, then choosing the type of website and niche are possibly the most important decisions you can make. So let’s have a look at some of the different types of websites and blogs that can be extremely profitable.

Coupons Website

Running a coupon website can be very lucrative. Find a coupon niche, select a WordPress coupon theme, and then display relevant coupons on your site. When your audience uses the coupon codes or discount links, you will earn an affiliate cut, for example, you could set up a site dedicated to iHerb Coupons or add a page to your website with web hosting promo codes. Coupon websites are quite high maintenance as they need to be constantly updated with new offers. However, if you build up an engaged audience and allow them to post coupons and discounts they have found themselves, then quite quickly your workload will reduce

Travel Blog

Travel blogging is a hard industry to break into. However, the rewards can be worth it, and let’s face it, who doesn’t want to be paid for traveling around the world! There are numerous ways to monetize a travel blog, but affiliate marketing should predominantly be your focus. On your blog, promote hotels, tours, equipment hire services, flights, and anything else travel-related. Then take a cut of the proceeds as your audience books their holidays based on your recommendations.

Fitness Site

A fitness site can have numerous revenue streams. Create healthy eating plans and recipes and lock them away as premium content. Promote and sell a fitness training course, eBook, or a series of videos. Or advertise your own personal fitness services on your site. 

Food Blog

Creating your own food blog, will not only be fun but done well it should also be profitable. Link your site to affiliate cooking products, sell your food photos, create and sell your own physical cookbook, or launch a cooking app. Equally, you could turn your cooking blog into a membership site. You would then share all your content, including recipes, how-to videos, food photographs, and much more, with only your paid-up members.

Membership Site

Although mentioned briefly earlier, membership sites are worth revisiting as they provide many ways to generate revenue. A Membership site doesn’t have to start with a blog. There are in fact numerous types of sites that are membership sites from the get-go, with no blog in sight.

When creating a membership site, always offer different plans and pricing tiers to appeal to your different categories of audience. Access to specific types of content is then dependent on the plan selected by a member. Membership fees can be a one-off payment or a repeat subscription. And you can even sell products on your membership site to boost your income.

Directory Site

Running a directory site can be a time-consuming business, but if you choose the right niche, it can be very profitable. Directory sites can be monetized by charging businesses to display their listings on your site. Listings can be paid for on a recurring monthly basis, giving you a nice regular  passive income 

Equally, you can charge businesses to ‘claim’ their listing, a method used by many large directory sites like Google Business and Yelp. This involves companies paying to upgrade their listing and adding information such as their web address, social media links, images, and more. Other revenue streams include charging for ad space, adding affiliate links, and even charging for services and products on your directory site.

Jobs Board Website

Creating a jobs board website can be another profitable venture. The ‘jobs’ field can be quite saturated, so it is important to find a niche that is still crying out for a jobs board website. Monetize this type of site by charging businesses to list their jobs on your site. Those searching for jobs could also be charged a fee to access the higher-paying job adverts.

Photography Site

If you are a budding photographer and would like to be paid for your craft then you should consider setting up your own photography website. This is a great way to not only promote your services as a photographer but also to sell your images. You can charge visitors a fee to download your images. Or, if you’d rather, turn your site into a paid membership site, with free downloads of all images for paying subscribers.

Lifestyle Blog

Lifestyle blogging is a popular trend at the moment and a great option for those passionate about sharing their lives online. If you enjoy posting on social media, taking selfies, and discussing what you’ve been up to with your followers, then your next step may well be setting up a lifestyle blog.

A lifestyle blogger writes about their everyday life, hobbies, and interests. From fashion, beauty tips, and male grooming, to food, restaurants, and travel, anything that you experience can be blogged about. And famous lifestyle bloggers can make big bucks. Once you have built up a following, there are many ways to make a profit. Add affiliate links to your website, promote sponsored services, create your own product range, and much more.

Parenting Blog

Once you’ve had children, many parents find themselves caught in the trap of needing to work but wanting to stay home with their kids. Creating your own parenting blog can not only be a way to make some money, but it can also help you connect with other parents and make sense of those crazy sleepless early parenting years (it does get easier don’t worry!)

Both mum and dad blogs have become very popular in recent years, often with bloggers creating best-selling books based on their blog’s content. The baby business is also a multi-million-dollar industry, and influential bloggers can be well reimbursed for discussing and subtly promoting different products.

Multi-Vendor MarketPlace

Multi-vendor marketplaces, like ThemeForest, can be very successful. Chose a niche and create a vendor website for it. Your marketplace could be anything, from a platform for local artists to sell their work on, to an online digital product store. Once set up, invite people in that industry to sell their products on your site. You take a percentage of their profits when items sell.

Dating Site

Dating sites and apps are extremely popular and have become more and more niche as the industry develops. They can also be very profitable, as there are many ways to monetize them. You can charge a joining fee, provide premium subscriptions, or make money from advertising on your site. White label Dating provides a pre-built dating platform for your project. You simply choose the niche and branding for your new dating site. Once your website goes live, you just need to promote it, manage the users, and collect the earnings.

Selling products or services on the internet can be a very profitable venture. You may want to create your own products and eCommerce store or sell other people’s goods through a range of different online platforms. So let’s take a look at some of the different ways to make money online through selling…

Selling on eBay

If you are really short on cash and need some immediate funds then you should start by looking around your house. Clear out your cupboards and find any items lying around that you don’t need or haven’t used for a while. Then sell them on eBay. Just because they are gathering dust in your cupboards, doesn’t mean someone else won’t snap them up. Simply sign up with eBay, list your products, and then, as they are sold, send them off to the buyers.

Sell Using the eBay Valet Service

If you don’t have time to waste creating listings and promoting your products on eBay, then you should consider using eBays valet service. Simply drop off the products you are selling at an eBay drop-off center and then let eBay’s experienced valets do the selling. When your items sell you will get up to 80% of the profits.

Retail Arbitrage

If you have nothing of value to sell from home then retail arbitrage might be a better option for you. Many people partake in arbitrage to earn a little extra money, and for some, it has even become their full-time job. Retail arbitrage is the buying of goods at a low price and then selling them on a different platform at a higher price. Sales in shops provide ideal opportunities to pick up products for next to nothing. These can then be sold on eBay or Amazon for higher amounts, making you a nice profit.

Amazon FBA

Have you ever thought about selling your own product on Amazon? Did you know that you can send products to Amazon to sell for you? This is called Amazon FBA.

If you find the right products to sell via Amazon, this type of business can be highly lucrative. I know a guy pulling in close to $80,000 per month profit on just 4 or 5 products that he sourced from China.

Amazon offers a service called Fulfilment by Amazon, which can be extremely useful for arbitrage sellers, or others selling their own products. If you opt for FBA, Amazon will store, pick, pack and deliver your products. That means you can scale your arbitrage business quickly as you don’t have to store products in your own home or waste time with postage.

 FBA stars is an easy-to-follow, step-by-step guide to starting a successful Amazon FBA business. The whole course is presented by Vik JC, a full-time Amazon FBA pro who guides you through every single step to becoming your own boss and making 5 figures from Amazon FBA.

Create Your Own Product

Many people fancy themselves as designers. If you have a unique idea for a new product then it may be time to get it designed. This can be a long process involving prototypes, discussions with factories, package design, and much more. However, the profits once the product is on the market could be substantial. And remember, with Amazon FBA, your products can all be stored and shipped by Amazon, giving you time to think up your next invention.

White Label Products

White labeling products involve purchasing pre-made products from a supplier and then adding your own labeling and branding. Products could range from candles to gym equipment or even tea, but all will come without labels, allowing you to create your own new range of merchandise. Most suppliers will advertise the fact they offer white labeled goods on their websites, so pick your niche and then find the right supplier and product for you. Once labeled, products can be sold via sites like eBay and Amazon, or from your own eCommerce store.

(Data Splitting) Deepfakes Technolog Topic 2


Data Splitting

What is data splitting?

Data splitting is when data is divided into two or more subsets. Typically, with a two-part split, one part is used to evaluate or test the data and the other to train the model.

Data splitting is an important aspect of data science, particularly for creating models based on data. This technique helps ensure the creation of data models and processes that use data models -- such as machine learning  -- are accurate.

How data splitting works

In a basic two-part data split, the training data set is used to train and develop models. Training sets are commonly used to estimate different parameters or to compare different model performances.

The testing data set is used after the training is done. The training and test data are compared to check that the final model works correctly. With machine learning, data is commonly split into three or more sets. With three sets, the additional set is the dev set, which is used to change learning process parameters.

There is no set guideline or metric for how the data should be split; it may depend on the size of the original data pool or the number of predictors in a predictive model. Organizations and data modelers may choose to separate split data based on data sampling  methods, such as the following three methods:

Random sampling. This data sampling method protects the data modeling process from bias toward different possible data characteristics. However, random splitting may have issues regarding the uneven distribution of data.

Stratified random sampling. This method selects data samples at random within specific parameters. It ensures the data is correctly distributed in training and test sets.

Nonrandom sampling. This approach is typically used when data modelers want the most recent data as the test set.

Common data splitting uses

Ways that data splitting is used include the following:

  • Data modeling uses data splitting to train models. An example of this is in regression testing modeling, where a developer uses a model to predict a system's response when operated with made-up values. Using this set of values, the developer would select a portion of that data to act as the training data. Then, they would compare those results against the test data put through the regression model. This gives the developer a sense that the model is accurate.
  • Machine learning also uses data splitting to train models. Training data is added to the model to update its training phase parameters. After the training phase is finished, the data from the test set is measured against how the model handles new observations.
  • Cryptographic splitting is a different process from the uses of data splitting mentioned above. It is a technique used to secure data over a computer network. Cryptographic splitting is meant to protect systems from security breaches and involves encrypting data, splitting the encrypted data into smaller pieces, and storing those pieces in different storage locations. The data is further encrypted when stored in its new location.

Data splitting in machine learning

In machine learning, data splitting is typically done to avoid overfitting. That is an instance where a machine learning model fits its training data too well and fails to reliably fit additional data.

The original data in a machine learning model is typically taken and split into three or four sets. The three sets commonly used are the training set, the dev set, and the testing set:

  1. The training set is the portion of data used to train the model. The model should observe and learn from the training set, optimizing any of its parameters.
  2. The dev set is a data set of examples used to change learning process parameters. It is also called cross-validation or model validation.
  3. The testing set is the portion of data that is tested in the final model and is compared against the previous sets of data. The testing set acts as an evaluation of the final model and algorithm.

Wednesday, 4 May 2022

Deepfakes Technolog Topic 1

How Deepfakes work

Deepfake content is created by using two competing AI algorithms -- one is called the generator and the other is called the discriminator. The generator, which creates the phony multimedia content, asks the discriminator to determine whether the content is real or artificial.

Together, the generator and discriminator form something called a generative adversarial network. Each time the discriminator accurately identifies content as being fabricated, it provides the generator with valuable information about how to improve the next deepfake.

The first step in establishing a GAN is to identify the desired output and create a training dataset for the generator. Once the generator begins creating an acceptable level of output, video clips can be fed to the discriminator.

As the generator gets better at creating fake video clips, the discriminator gets better at spotting them. Conversely, as the discriminator gets better at spotting fake videos, the generator gets better at creating them. 

Until recently, video content has been more difficult to alter in any substantial way. Because deepfakes are created through AI, however, they don't require the considerable skill that it would take to create a realistic video otherwise. Unfortunately, this means that just about anyone can create a deepfake to promote their chosen agenda. For example, a deepfake could be used to spread false information via a presidential candidate. Microsoft, however, has worked on an AI-powered deepfake detection software for this purpose. The tool can automatically analyze videos and photos to provide a confidence score that the media has been manipulated.

Another possible danger deepfakes introduce is that people will take such videos at face value, and after realizing it’s fake,  people will stop trusting in the validity of any video content at all.

What is artificial general intelligence (AGI)?

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the representation of generalized human cognitive abilities in software so that, faced with an unfamiliar task, the AGI system could find a solution. The intention of an AGI system is to perform any task that a human being is capable of.

Definitions of AGI vary because experts from different fields define human intelligence from different perspectives. Computer scientists often define human intelligence in terms of being able to achieve goals. Psychologists, on the other hand, often define general intelligence in terms of adaptability or survival.

AGI is considered to be strong artificial intelligence (AI). Strong AI contrasts with weak or narrow AI which is the application of artificial intelligence to specific tasks or problems. and self-driving cars are examples of narrow artificial intelligence.

What can artificial general intelligence do?

AGI in computer science is an intelligent system with comprehensive or complete knowledge and cognitive computing capabilities. As of right now, no true AGI systems exist; they remain the stuff of science fiction. The performance of these systems is indistinguishable from that of a human, at least in those terms. However, the broad intellectual capacities of AGI would exceed human capacities because of its ability to access and process huge data sets at incredible speeds.

True AGI should be capable of executing human-level tasks and abilities that no existing computer can achieve. Today, AI can perform many tasks but not at the level of success that would categorize them as human or general intelligence.

An AGI system should have the following abilities:

  • abstract thinking
  • background knowledge
  • common sense
  • cause and effect
  • Transfer learning
  • Practical examples of AGI capabilities include the following five:

  1. Creativity. An AGI system would theoretically be able to read and comprehend human-generated code and improve it.
  2. Sensory perception. AGI would excel at color recognition, which is a subjective kind of perception. It would also be able to perceive depth and three dimensions in static images.
  3. Fine motor skills. An example of this includes grabbing a set of keys from a pocket, which involves a level of imaginative perception.
  4. Natural language understanding (NLU). Understanding human language is highly context-dependent. AGI systems would possess a level of intuition that would enable NLU .
  5. Navigation. The existing Global Positioning System (GPS) can pinpoint a geographic location. Once fully developed, AGI would be able to project movement through physical spaces better than existing systems.
  6. AI researchers also anticipate that AGI systems will possess higher-level capabilities, such as being able to do the following:

    handle various types of learning and learning  algorithms;

    create fixed structures for all tasks

    understand symbol systems;

    use different kinds of knowledge;

    understand belief systems; and

    engage in metacognition and make use of metacognitive knowledge

    AGI vs. AI: What's the difference?

    AGI should theoretically be able to perform any task that a human can and exhibit a range of intelligence in different areas. Its performance should be as good as or better than humans at solving problems in most areas of intelligence.

    In contrast, weak AI excels at completing specific tasks or types of problems. Many existing AI systems use a combination of machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, and natural language processing for self-improving and solving specific types of problems. However, these technologies do not approach the cumulative ability of the human brain.

    • customer service chatbots ;
    • voice assistants  like Siri and Alexa;
    • recommendation engines such as those Google, Netflix, and Spotify use;
    • marketing platforms used to gather business intelligence  and customer sentiment ; 
    • facial recognition applications.

Examples of artificial general intelligence

True AGI systems are not on the market yet. However, examples exist of narrow artificial intelligence systems that approximate or even exceed human abilities in certain areas. Artificial intelligence research is focused on these systems and what might be possible with AGI in the future.

Here are some examples of that system.

  • IBM's Watson. Watson and other supercomputers are capable of calculations that the average computer can't handle. They combine their immense computing power with AI to carry out previously impossible science and engineering tasks, such as modeling the Big Bang theory of the birth of the universe or the human brain.
  • Expert systems. These systems are AI-based ones that mimic human judgement. They can recommend medicine based on patient data and predict molecular structure.
  • Self-driving cars. These are able to recognize other vehicles, people, and objects in the road and adhere to driving rules and regulations
  • ROSS Intelligence. ROSS is a legal expert system that is also called the "Al attorney." It can mine data from about 1 billion text documents, analyze the information and provide precise responses to complicated questions in less than three seconds.
  • AlphaGo. This is another example of narrow intelligence that excels at a specific type of problem-solving.AlphaGo is a computer program that can play the board game Go. Go is a complex game that is difficult for humans to master. In 2016, AlphaGo beat the world champion Lee Sedol in a five-game match.
  • Language model Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3. GPT-3  is a program that can automatically generate human language. In some cases, the text is indistinguishable from the human output, but the output is often flawed. The technology is consistently able to emulate general human intelligence.
  • Music AIs. Dadabots is an AI algorithm that, given a body of existing music, can generate a stream of its own approximation of that music.

If AGI was applied to some of the preceding examples, it could improve their functionality. For example, self-driving cars require a human to be present to handle decision-making in ambiguous situations. The same is true for music-making algorithms, language models, and legal systems. These areas include tasks that AI can automate but also ones that require a higher level of abstraction and human intelligence.

What is the future of AGI?

Many experts are skeptical that AGI will ever be possible. Others question whether it is even desirable.

English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author Stephen Hawking warned of the dangers in a 2014 interview with the British Broadcasting Corp. "The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race," he said. "It would take off on its own and redesign itself at an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn't compete and would be superseded."

However, some AI experts expect the continued development of AGI. In an interview at the 2017 South by Southwest Conference, inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil predicted computers will achieve human levels of intelligence by 2029.


The Church-Turing thesis, developed by Alan Turing and Alonzo Church in 1936, is another perspective that supports the eventual development of AGI. It states that, given an infinite amount of time and memory, any problem can be solved using an algorithm. Which cognitive science algorithm will be is up for debate. Some say neural networks show the most promise, while others believe in a combination of neural networks and rule-based systems

Another potential initiative comes from neuroscience: neuromorphic computing, which uses artificial neurons and synapses to replicate the biological framework and functioning of the human brain.



















Cloud Computing (part 2)

What is multi-cloud computing

While the big cloud vendors would be very happy to provide all the computing needs of their enterprise customers, increasingly businesses are looking to spread the load across a number of suppliers. Part of this approach is to avoid being locked into just one vendor (which can lead to the sort of high costs and inflexibility that the cloud is often claimed to avoid), and part of it is to find the best mix of technologies across the industry.
That means being able to connect and integrate cloud services from multiple vendors is going to be a new and increasing challenge for businesses. Problems here include skills shortages (a lack of workers with expertise across multiple clouds) and workflow differences between cloud environments. Customers will also want to manage all their different cloud infrastructure from one place, make it easy to build applications and services and then move them, and ensure that security tools can work across multiple clouds – none of which is especially easy right now.

What are the benefits of cloud computing

The exact benefits will vary according to the type of cloud service being used but, fundamentally, using cloud services means companies not having to buy or maintain their own computing infrastructure.

No more buying servers, updating applications or operating systems, or decommissioning and disposing of hardware or software when it is out of date, as it is all taken care of by the supplier. For commodity applications, such as email, it can make sense to switch to a cloud provider, rather than rely on in-house skills. A company that specializes in running and securing these services is likely to have better skills and more experienced staff than a small business could afford to hire, so cloud services may be able to deliver a more secure and efficient service to end-users.

Using cloud services means companies can move faster on projects and test out concepts without lengthy procurement and big upfront costs because firms only pay for the resources they consume. This concept of business agility is often mentioned by cloud advocates as a key benefit. The ability to spin up new services without the time and effort associated with traditional IT procurement should mean that it is easier to get going with new applications faster. And if a new application turns out to be wildly popular, the elastic nature of the cloud means it is easier to scale it up fast.

For a company with an application that has big peaks in usage, such as one that is only used at a particular time of the week or year, it might make financial sense to have it hosted in the cloud, rather than have dedicated hardware and software laying idle for much of the time. Moving to a cloud-hosted application for services like email or CRM could remove a burden on internal IT staff, and if such applications don't generate much competitive advantage, there will be little another impact. Moving to a services model also moves spending from capital expenditure (CapEx) to operational expenditure (opex), which may be useful for some companies.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing

Cloud computing is not necessarily cheaper than other forms of computing, just as renting is not always cheaper than buying in the long term. If an application has a regular and predictable requirement for computing services it may be more economical to provide that service in-house.

Some companies may be reluctant to host sensitive data in a service that is also used by rivals. Moving to a SaaS application may also mean you are using the same applications as a rival, which might make it hard to create any competitive advantage if that application is core to your business.

While it may be easy to start using a new cloud application, migrating existing data or apps to the cloud might be much more complicated and expensive. And it seems there is now something of a shortage in cloud skills, with staff with DevOps and multi-cloud monitoring and management knowledge in particularly short supply.

In one report, a significant proportion of experienced cloud users said they thought upfront migration costs ultimately outweigh the long-term savings created by IaaS.

And of course, you can only access your applications if you have an internet connection.

What is cloud-computing adoption doing to IT budgets

Cloud computing tends to shift spending from Capex to Opex, as companies buy computing as a service rather than in the form of physical servers. This may allow companies to avoid large increases in IT spending which would traditionally be seen with new projects; using the cloud to make room in the budget might be easier than going to the CFO and looking for more money.

Of course, this doesn't mean that cloud computing is always or necessarily cheaper that keeping applications in-house; for applications with a predictable and stable demand for computing power, it might be cheaper (from a processing power point of view at least) to keep them in-house.

How do you build a business case for cloud computing

    To build a business case for moving systems to the cloud, you first need to understand what your existing infrastructure actually costs. There's a lot to factor in obvious things like the cost of running data centers, and extras such as leased lines. The cost of physical hardware – servers and details of specifications like CPUs, cores, and RAM, plus the cost of storage. You'll also need to calculate the cost of applications, whether you plan to dump them, re-host them in the cloud unchanged, completely rebuild them for the cloud, or buy an entirely new SaaS package. Each of these options will have different cost implications. The cloud business case also needs to include people costs (often second only to the infrastructure costs) and more nebulous concepts like the benefit of being able to provide new services faster. Any cloud business case should also factor in the potential downsides, including the risk of being locked into one vendor for your tech infrastructure (see multi-cloud, above).

    Cloud-computing adoption

    Analysts argue that as the cloud now underpins most new technological disruptions in everything from mobile banking to healthcare, usage is only going to grow. It's hard to see many new technology projects being delivered that don't harness the cloud in some way. Gartner says that more than 85% of organizations will embrace a cloud-first principle by 2025 and will not be able to fully execute on their digital strategies without it. The analyst says new workloads deployed in a cloud-native environment will be pervasive, not just popular, and anything non-cloud will be considered legacy. By 2025, Gartner estimates that over 95% of new digital workloads will be deployed on cloud-native platforms, up from 30% in 2021.

    And if that sounds unrealistic, it may be that figures on adoption of cloud depend on who you talk to inside an organisation. Not all cloud spending will be driven centrally by the CIO: cloud services are relatively easy to sign-up for, so business managers can start using them, and pay out of their own budget, without needing to inform the IT department. This can enable businesses to move faster, but also can create security risks if the use of apps is not managed.

    Adoption will also vary by application: cloud-based email is much easier to adopt than a new finance system, for example. And for systems such as supply chain management, that are working efficiently as they are, there will be less short-term pressure to do a potentially costly and risky shift to the cloud.

    What about cloud-computing security

    Many companies remain concerned about the security of cloud services, although breaches of security are rare. How secure you consider cloud computing to be will largely depend on how secure your existing systems are. In-house systems managed by a team with many other things to worry about are likely to be leakier than systems monitored by a cloud provider's engineers dedicated to protecting that infrastructure.

    However, concerns do remain about security, especially for companies moving their data between many cloud services, which has led to growth in cloud security tools, which monitor data moving to and from the cloud and between cloud platforms. These tools can identify the fraudulent use of data in the cloud, unauthorized downloads, and malware. There is a financial and performance impact, however: these tools can reduce the return on investment of the cloud by 5% to 10%, and impact performance by 5% to 15%.

    What is public cloud


    The public cloud is the classic cloud-computing model, where users can access a large pool of computing power over the internet (whether that is IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS). One of the significant benefits here is the ability to rapidly scale a service. The cloud-computing suppliers have vast amounts of computing power, which they share with a large number of customers – the 'multi-tenant' architecture. Their huge scale means they have enough spare capacity that they can easily cope if any particular customer needs more resources, which is why it is often used for less-sensitive applications that demand a varying amount of resources.

    What is private cloud?

    The private cloud allows organizations to benefit from some of the advantages of the public cloud – but without the concerns about relinquishing control over data and services, because it is tucked away behind the corporate firewall. Companies can control exactly where their data is being held and can build the infrastructure in a way they want – largely for IaaS or PaaS projects – to give developers access to a pool of computing power that scales on-demand without putting security at risk. However, that additional security comes at a cost, as few companies will have the scale of AWS, Microsoft or Google, which means they will not be able to create the same economies of scale. Still, for companies that require additional security, the private cloud might be a useful stepping stone, helping them to understand cloud services or rebuild internal applications for the cloud, before shifting them into the public cloud.

    What is a hybrid cloud

     A hybrid cloud is perhaps where everyone is in reality: a bit of this, a bit of that. Some data in the public cloud, some projects in the private cloud, multiple vendors, and different levels of cloud usage. 

    • infographic companies are turning to hybrid cloud a save money
    • what does hybrid cloud mean it depends on whom you ask
    • Managing the multi-cloud its complicated 

    What are the cloud-computing migration costs

    For startups that plan to run all their systems in the cloud, getting started is pretty simple. But the majority of companies, it is not so simple: with existing applications and data, they need to work out which systems are best left running as they are, and which to start moving to cloud infrastructure. This is a potentially risky and expensive move, and migrating to the cloud could cost companies more if they underestimate the scale of such projects.

    A survey of 500 businesses that were early cloud adopters found that the need to rewrite applications to optimize them for the cloud was one of the biggest costs, especially if the apps were complex or customized. A third of those surveyed cited high fees for passing data between systems as a challenge in moving their mission-critical applications. The skills required for migration are both difficult and expensive to find – and even when organizations could find the right people, they risked them being stolen away by cloud-computing vendors with deep pockets.

    Is geography irrelevant when it comes to cloud computing

    Actually, it turns out that is where the cloud really does matter. Geopolitics is forcing significant changes on cloud-computing users and vendors. Firstly, there is the issue of latency: if the application is coming from a data centre on the other side of the planet, or on the other side of a congested network, then you might find it sluggish compared to a local connection. That's the latency problem.

    Secondly, there is the issue of data sovereignty. Many companies, particularly in Europe, have to worry about where their data is being processed and stored. European companies are worried that, for example, if their customer data is being stored in data centres in the US or (owned by US companies), it could be accessed by US law enforcement. As a result, the big cloud vendors have been building out a regional data centre network so that organizations can keep their data in their own region.

    Some have gone further, effectively detatching some of those data centers from their main business to make it much harder for US authorities – and others – to demand access to the customer data stored there. The customer data in the data centers is under the control of an independent company, which acts as a "data trustee", and US parents cannot access data at the sites without the permission of customers or the data trustee. Expect to see cloud vendors opening more data centres around the world to cater to customers with requirements to keep data in specific locations.

    What is a cloud-computing region? And what is a cloud-computing availability zone?

    Cloud-computing services are operated from giant datacenters around the world. AWS divides this up by regions and availability zones . Each AWS region is a separate geographic area, like EU (London) or US West (Oregon), which AWS then further subdivides into what it calls availability zones (AZs). An AZ is composed of one or more datacenters that are far enough apart that in theory a single disaster won't take both offline, but close enough together for business continuity applications that require rapid failover. Each AZ has multiple internet connections and power connections to multiple grids: AWS has over 80 AZs.

    Google uses a similar model, dividing its cloud-computing resources into regions that are then subdivided into zones, which include one or more data centers from which customers can run their services. It is currently over eight zones: Google recommends customers deploy applications across multiple zones and regions to help protect against unexpected failures.

    Microsoft Azure divides its resources slightly differently.  It offers regions that it describes as is a "set of datacentres deployed within a latency-defined perimeter and connected through a dedicated regional low-latency network". It also offers 'geographies' typically containing two or more regions, that can be used by customers with specific data-residency and compliance needs "to keep their data and apps close". It also offers availability zones made up of one or more data centers equipped with independent power, cooling, and networking.

    Cloud computing and power usage

    Those data centers are also sucking up a huge amount of power: for example, Microsoft struck a deal with GE to buy all of the output from its new 37-megawatt wind farm in Ireland for the next 15 years in order to power its cloud data centers. Ireland said it now expects data centers to account for 15% of total energy demand by 2026, up from less than 2% back in 2015.

    Which are the big cloud-computing companies

    When it comes to IaaS and PaaS, there are really only a few giant cloud providers. Leading the way is Amazon Web Services, and then the following pack of Microsoft's Azure, Google, and IBM. According to data from Synergy Research, Amazon, Microsoft and Google continue to attract well over half of the worldwide cloud spending, with Q3 market shares of 33%, 20% and 10% respectively. And with growth rates that are higher than the overall market, their share of worldwide revenues continues to grow. However, that still leaves plenty of revenue for the chasing pack of companies – about $17 billion. "Clearly there are challenges with the big three companies lurking in the background, so the name of the game is not competing with them head on,".

    AWS, Azure and Google Cloud – what's the difference

    The big three cloud companies all have their own strengths. AWS is the most established player and was behind Amazon's ability to support huge seasonal swings in demand from consumers. Being first out to market with cloud services and pushing hard to gain market share has made it the market leader, and it continues to innovate. Microsoft's Azure has become an absolutely core part of Microsoft's strategy, and the company has the enterprise history and products to support businesses as they switch to the cloud. Google Cloud is the smallest of the big three players, but clearly has the might of the advertising-to-Android giant behind it.

    Who are the other main cloud-computing players

    Beyond the big three, there are others, such as Alibaba Cloud, IBM, Dell, and Hewlett Packard Enterprise, that all want to be part of the enterprise cloud project. And of course, from giants like Salesforce down to tiny startups, pretty much every software company is a SaaS company now.  


    Can cloud computing go wrong?

    There are and will continue to be cloud outages. Those outages might happen at a local level because your internet is disrupted either by physical means (a digger cuts your broadband) or because of cyberattacks. But the big vendors have outages too and because, we are all increasingly reliant on their services, when the cloud stops, work stops. Few companies have backup systems to turn to in this situation. So long as cloud vendors keep outages to a minimum, then users will probably consider that using the cloud is more reliable than home-grown apps. But if outages become widespread, that opinion might change.

    What is the future of cloud computing

    Cloud computing is reaching the point where it is likely to account for more of enterprise tech spending than the traditional forms of delivering applications and services in-house that have been around for decades. However, use of the cloud is only likely to climb as organizations get more comfortable with the idea of their data being somewhere other than a server in the basement. And now cloud-computing vendors are increasingly pushing cloud computing as an agent of digital transformation instead of focusing simply on cost. Moving to the cloud can help companies rethink business processes and accelerate business change, goes the argument, by helping to break down data any organizational silos . Some companies that need to boost momentum around their digital transformation programs might find this argument appealing; others may find enthusiasm for the cloud waning as the costs of making the switch add up

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